Industrialisation: In this stage, companies began to adopt more rational approaches to organising their workforces, with increased focus on production goals rather than personal glory or enrichment of management. There was little emphasis on training or development, and employee benefits were limited. Pre-industrialisation: This phase was characterised by traditional practices such as patrimonialism and nepotism, where managers were often from within the company or family background, and employees were treated as assets to be exploited rather than respected members of an organisation. It can be broadly classified into three main phases – pre-industrialisation, industrialisation and post-industrialisation – according to the Visser et al. Human resource management (HRM) has undergone a gradual evolution over the years in South Africa, with various advances and changes as a result.
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